MPrNRLF 


β    4    033    ia3 


j     LIBRARY     Ρ 

Βϋκωιβτ  πρΗημρπμμη 


HBKHBY  FttM). 


APOLLONIUS  RHODIUS 


His  Figures,  Syntax,  and  Vocabulary 


A  DISSERTATION 


PRESENTED  TO  THE  BOARD  OF  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES  OF  THE  JOHNS  HOPKINS 
UNIVERSITY  FOR  THE  DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


1890 


By  CHARLES  J.  GOODWIN 

Professor  of  Greek  in   Cornell  College,  Mount  Vernon,  Iowa 


BALTIMORE 

Pkess  of  Isaac  Friedenwald  Co. 

1891 


SKWi» 


CONTENTS. 

Introduction.  pack 

Similes ι 

Use  of  Tenses  in  the  Similes 5 

Introductory  Forms  in  the  Similes 8 

Vocabulary 9 

Words  used  only  by  Apollonius 12 

"Απαξ  λεγόμενα 13 

Syntax  of  Final  Clauses 14 

Statistics  of   the  Moods    and    Tenses    of    Final    Clauses   with   the 

Various  Particles 15 

Negative  Final  Clauses 20 

Use  of  κεν  in  Final  Clauses      21 

Syntax  of  Conditional  Sentences 21 

Conditions  Contrary  to  Fact 23 

General  Conditions 24 

Conditions  expressing  Purpose 24 

Conditional  Relative  Clauses 25 

Syntax  of  Temporal  Sentences 25 


1  t*y' 


INTRODUCTION. 

Among  the  poets  of  the  Alexandrian  period,  ApolloniusRhodius 
is,  with  the  single  exception  of  Theocritus,  the  most  important. 
He  possesses  in  a  marked  degree  the  faults  of  his  age  ;  but  he 
was  endowed  with  a  genius  higher  and  more  original  than  most 
of  his  contemporaries.  The  period  at  which  he  lived  was  one  of 
minute,  laborious  learning,  of  pettiness  of  thought  and  extreme 
elaboration  of  language,  of  imitation  almost  servile.  Wealth  of 
erudition  was  combined  with  poverty  of  invention.  The  bounds 
of  literary  effort  were  rigidly  fixed  by  a  narrow  interpretation  of 
ancient  models.1 

Callimachus,  the  most  influential  poet  of  his  day,  and  the  reputed 
master  of  Apollonius,  had  pronounced  the  composition  of  a  suc- 
cessful epic  in  the  Homeric  style  no  longer  possible,  and  the 
common  opinion  frowned  upon  such  an  attempt  as  presumptuous. 
In  defiance  of  this  sentiment,  Apollonius  conceived  the  purpose 
of  composing  such  an  epic,  and  this  became  the  ambition  of  his  life. 
The  earlier  portion  of  the  work,  written  and  published  in  boy- 
hood, met  with  a  scornful  and  humiliating  reception;  but  the 
labor  of  long  years  passed  in  retirement  at  Rhodes  won  for  him 
at  last  the  recognition  of  his  contemporaries.  He  returned  to 
Alexandria,  was  appointed  librarian  of  the  great  library  of  the 
Ptolemies,  and  in  old  age  filled  the  position  and  enjoyed  the 
honors  of  his  predecessor,  towards  whom  he  had  exhibited  the 
proverbial  bitterness  of  a  literary  feud. 

To  the  critical  student  of  language  and  literature,  in  an  age 
which  is  far  enough  removed  to  judge  impartially,  the  question 

1  For  a  fuller  criticism  of  the  characteristics  and  tendencies  of  this  period, 
as  well  as  of  the  genius  of  Apollonius,  I  would  refer  to  my  article  on 
"Apollonius  of  Rhodes  and  the  Argonautica,"  in  the  Andover  Review  for 
September,  1891,  from  which  I  have  copied  a  sentence  or  two  in  this  intro- 
duction, and  more  extensively  in  my  treatment  of  the  simile.  Compare 
also  Alfred  Gercke's  "Alcxandrinische  Studien,"  Rheinisches  Museum,  1887, 
XLII  262,590,  and  particularly  18S9,  XLIV  127,  240.  Gercke  has  dis- 
cussed the  relations  of  Apollonius,  Callimachus,  and  Theocritus  very  fully, 
and  gives  a  good  criticism  of  Apollonius. 


V] 

presents  itself,  how  far  Apollonius  was  successful  in  his  effort  to 
imitate  or  rival  Homer  in  thought  and  in  expression.  He  himself 
challenges  the  test  by  the  nature  of  his  undertaking  ;  and  in  the 
following  pages  an  attempt  is  made  to  draw  a  comparison  between 
the  art  of  the  Alexandrian  and  that  of  his  great  original.  For 
this  purpose  several  characteristic  points  have  been  selected  and 
carefally  studied.  His  invention — a  subject  demanding  a  more 
general  and  ambitious  style  of  criticism — has  been  considered 
only  in  an  examination  of  his  use  of  the  simile.  Syntax,  which, 
by  the  help  of  statistics,  yields  exact  and  ready  conclusions,  has 
been  made  the  basis  for  the  comparison  of  language  and  style. 
In  this  way  the  use  of  moods  and  tenses  in  the  similes,  in  final 
clauses,  in  conditions,  and  in  temporal  clauses  has  been  presented, 
both  by  statistical  tables,  and  also  in  the  general  statement  of 
results.  Finally,  the  words  peculiar  to  the  Argonautica  and  the 
άπαξ  λεγόμενα  are  here  for  the  first  time  collected. 

If  we  admit  that  the  copying  of  so  great  a  master  is  a  worthy 
object,  we  shall  find  that  the  result  of  the  comparison  is  highly 
favorable  to  Apollonius.  He  has  attained  a  degree  of  success 
which  we  may  well  regard  as  remarkable  in  the  conscious,  artifi- 
cial imitation  of  a  dialect  and  mode  of  thought  removed  by  many 
centuries  of  change  and  decay.  This  conclusion  will,  I  think,  be 
confirmed  by  an  examination  of  the  following  pages. 

Nevertheless,  there  are,  with  all  his  labor  and  success,  charac- 
teristics which  mark  Apollonius  unmistakably  as  the  child  of  his 
age.  We  find  words  which  appear  in  the  language  only  in  its  later 
periods ;  we  notice  syntax  which  Homer  could  not  by  any  possi- 
bility have  used;  in  metre  we  find  ourselves  far  advanced  in  a 
line  of  change  which  runs  unerringly  through  almost  every  epic 
poet  from  the  earliest  to  the  latest.1  Doubtless  Apollonius  would 
not  have  corrected  all  these  deviations,  even  where  he  was  con- 
scious of  them.  Rather,  he  took  advantage  of  the  greater  choice 
of  expression  allowed  him.3  These  variations  from  his  model, 
however,  conscious  or  unconscious,  we  may  study  with  interest 
and  satisfaction. 

The  work  devoted  to  this  subject  has  been  performed  with 
pleasure,  and  will,  it  is  hoped,  prove  of  some  value  for  the  study 

1  See  A.  Ludwich,  Philologus,  XX  (CIX)  237  ;  De  Hexametris  Poetarum 
Graecorum  Spondiacis,  pp.  15  ff.,  cited  in  Beneke,  De  Arte  Metrica  Calli- 
machi  (Strassburg,  1880),  p.  20. 

*Cf.  Mr.  Seaton's  article,  cited  below,  p.  10. 


VII 

of  a  field  which  has  been  too  much  neglected  by  classical  scholars. 
Beside  the  greatest  creations  of  the  Hellenic  genius,  the  produc- 
tions of  Alexandrianism  seem  for  the  moment  to  pale  into  insig- 
nificance ;  but  they  are  the  record  of  one  not  unimportant  phase 
of  literary  history,  they  are  the  thoroughly  human  achievements  of 
an  age  in  many  ways  resembling  our  own,  and,  what  is  more  to 
the  point,  some  of  them,  like  the  Argonautica,  are  in  reality 
poetry  of  no  mean  order. 

Mount  Vernon,  Iowa,  October  η,  1891. 

Note. — Apollonius  is  cited  by  the  lines  of  Merkel's  Teubner  text. 


APOLLONIUS  RHODIUS. 

SIMILES. 

Nowhere  do  the  imagination  and  artistic  skill  of  an  epic  poet 
find  more  room  for  display  than  in  the  simile.  "It  may  perhaps 
not  seem  difficult,"  says  Bergk,1  "to  find  an  appropriate  simile; 
yet  none  of  the  later  poets  has  in  this  respect  even  approximated 
Homer's  art.  Either  they  are  content  with  copying  Homer,  or, 
when  they  rely  upon  their  own  resources,  we  see  their  poverty  of 
invention,  their  unnaturalness  and  artificiality.  Nor  does  this 
apply  only  to  the  later  Greek  epic  poets,  but  to  the  Roman  as 
well.  .  .  .  There  is  in  all  Vergil  hardly  a  simile  which  is  not  bor- 
rowed ;  Homer  first,  Apollonius  next,  are  his  sources." 

The  number  of  similes  in  Apollonius,  including  both  those 
worked  out  in  detail  and  comparisons  merely  indicated,  is  129. 
The  average  frequency  of  occurrence,  in  the  5835  lines  of  the 
Argonautica  (1  in  45  lines),  is  somewhat  greater  than  in  the  Iliad 
(1  in  62  lines),  and  more  than  twice  as  great  as  in  the  Odyssey.2 
The  distribution  of  the  similes  is  much  more  even  than  in  the 
Homeric  poems.  The  following  table  shows  the  division  among 
the  four  books  : 


No.  Lines. 

Extended. 

Briefer. 

Total 

00k  I 

I362 

Η 

9 

23 

"      II 

1288 

15 

13 

28 

"•    III 

I406 

24 

9 

33 

"      IV 

1779 

26 

19 

45 

Total,      5835  79  50  129 

1  Griecbische  Literaturgeschichte,  I  845. 

!  Following  the  figures  given  by  Mr.  Gladstone  (Juvenilis  Munili,  p.  513). 
He  allows  the  Iliad  194  extended  and  about  60  minor  comparisons;  the 
Od\ssey  41  extended  similes.  My  own  count  would  be  a  trifle  more  liberal. 
L.  Friedlander  (Zwei  Ilomerische  Worterverzeichnisse,  Jahrbb.  f.  Class.  Phil., 
Suppl.  ΙΙΓ,  i860,  p.  788)  and  Seymour  (Language  and  Verse  of  Homer,  p.  17) 
give  the  following  figures:  Iliad,  extended,  182;  briefer,  17;  briefest,  28  ; 
Odyssey,  extended,  39;  briefer,  6;  briefest,  13. 


Apollonius's  similes  are  drawn  in  general  from  the  same  wide 
field  as  Homer's — from  animate  and  inanimate  nature,  from  the 
business  and  labors  of  common  life,  from  mythology — rarely  from 
a  subjective  sphere.  Illustrations  from  animal  life  are  frequent 
and  varied.  Among  wild  animals,  besides  the  indefinite  θήρ,  we 
have,  in  the  extended  similes,  the  lion,  bull,  boar,  deer,  serpent, 
hawk,  dove,  swan,  fly,  gad-fly,  ant,  and  bee;  among  domestic 
animals,  the  horse,  ox,  sheep,  and  dog. 

In  the  realm  of  inanimate  nature  and  natural  phenomena,  where 
Apollonius  is  often  at  his  best,  the  stars  are  his  favorite  compari- 
son. They  appear  five  times,  thrice  referring  to  Jason.  Once 
the  ordinary  "star"  is  not  sufficient:  Sirius,  the  brightest  of  stars, 
can  alone  adequately  represent  the  hero's  glory.  The  armed 
men  springing  from  the  dragon's  teeth  seem  like  the  constella- 
tions shining  forth  after  a  great  snowstorm.  Hercules  appears  to 
the  keen-eyed  Lynceus  in  the  dim  distance  like  the  new  moon, 
which  one  just  sees,  or  thinks  he  sees;  and  again,  at  its  full,  we 
feel  the  joy  which  its  beams  inspire  in  the  maiden's  heart.  The 
rays  of  the  sun,  now  first  rising,  now  evaporating  the  dew,  now 
reddening  a  cloud,  now  dancing  in  reflection  from  a  vessel  of 
water;  the  wind,  and  its  roaring;  the  lightning;  fire,  and  the 
eddies  of  smoke  rising  from  a  burning  forest  ;  a  hailstorm  ;  flow- 
ing streams — all  are  pictured  in  extended  similes.  The  sea  is  a 
less  fruitful  source  than  we  might  expect.  The  shouts  of  the 
Colchians  resemble  its  roaring;  we  see  the  dashing  waves,  and 
the  rock  standing  firm  in  the  midst.  Of  motionless  objects  we 
have  only  trees — oaks,  olives,  firs — and  their  leaves.  Finally, 
the  tears  of  the  mourning  Heliades  roll  like  olive-oil  upon  water. 

The  sphere  of  human  activity,  as  in  Homer,  furnishes  fewer 
comparisons  than  the  world  of  nature ;  from  this  source,  however, 
are  drawn  sixteen  of  the  seventy-seven  extended  similes.  The 
girl  weeping  at  her  stepmother's  ill-treatment  and  clinging  to  her 
nurse,  the  widowed  bride  mourning  her  dead  husband,  the  cap- 
tive maiden  slipping  sadly  out  of  the  rich  house  of  bondage,  the 
poor  widow  earning  by  her  nightly  toil  a  scanty  subsistence  for 
her  orphaned  children,  and  pale-faced  men  rushing  up  and  down 
through  the  city  in  terror  at  some  peril  or  portent,  illustrate  the 
darker  phases  of  life ;  the  festive  choral  dance,  the  eager  remem- 
brance of  home  by  a  long-absent  traveller,  and  maidens  playing 
ball  on  Ihe  beach,  the  brighter  side.  It  is  to  be  noticed  that  the 
greater  part  of  these  are  taken  from  the  life  of  women.     Peaceful 


industry  is  represented  by  the  woodcutter,  the  tiler,  the  farmer 
reaping,  the  nurseryman,  or  grower  of  trees,  the  horse-jockey,  the 
puffing  of  the  smith's  bellows  ;  and  once  we  hear  the  echoes  of 
war  in  the  clash  of  meeting  phalanxes.  Apsyrtus,  in  his  interview 
with  Medea,  tries  her  as  cautiously  as  a  boy  tries  a  swollen  tor- 
rent through  which  not  even  strong  men  may  pass. 

Comparisons  with  gods  are  not  frequent.  Jason  is  likened  to 
Apollo,  Medea  to  Artemis,  ^letes  to  Poseidon.  Similar  is  the 
comparison  of  Amycus  to  the  monster-children  of  Typhoeus  or 
Gaea. 

The  minor  comparisons  for  the  most  part  cover  the  same  range 
as  the  extended  similes.  Here,  however,  we  find  subjective  illus- 
tration, in  dreams,  five  times  introduced.  New  animals  are  the 
seals,  the  α'ίθυιαι  (water-birds),  and  the  φορβάς  (grazing  animal, 
cow  or  horse).  Jason  steals  away  like  a  thief;  a  blow  rebounds 
as  does  the  hammer  from  the  anvil ;  the  cattle  of  Helios  are  as 
white  as  milk  ;  the  ichor  flowing  from  the  ankle  of  Talos  is  like 
melted  lead. 

A  few  examples,  chosen  from  the  finer  similes,  may  best  illus- 
trate Apollonius's  power  of  invention  and  skill  in  elaboration.  To 
see  how  he  has  copied  and  expanded  a  Homeric  figure,  let  us  com- 
pare a  passage  from  the  Iliad  with  one  from  the  Argonautica : 

ως  δ    or    αν  αίξη  νόος  άνίρος,  ος  τ    eiri  πολλοί/ 
γαϊαν  έληΧουθώς  (fipeal  πΐυκαλίμτ]ο~ι  νοηστ)' 
ι        '4νθ    ΐ'ιην,  η  (νθα'        μΐνοινήτ]σί  Τ€  πολλά' 
ως  κραιπνως  μΐμαυϊα  διίπτατο  πότνια    Hpjj, 
ικ€το  δ    αΙπυν"θ\υμπον. — II.  XV  8θ—  84• 

ως  δ    ore  τις  πάτρηθΐν  αλώμενος,  ο'ιά  re  πολλά 

πΚαζόμιθ    άνθρωποι  τίτ\ηότΐς,  ου  be  τις  ala 

τηλονρος,  πάσαι  8e  κατοψιοί  €ΐσι  κΐλιυθοι, 

σφωιτίρους  δ    ΐνόησε  δόμους,    "ιμυδις  δ«  κΐλΐυθος 

υγρή  re  τραφςρή  τ    IvbaWeTai,  uWore  δ    α\\η 

οζία  πορφυρών  ΐπιμαίίται  οφθαλμοϊσιν  ' 

ως  άρα  καρπαΧίμως  κουρη  Αιος  άιξασα 

θηκ(ν  ('π   άζανοιο  πόδας  θυνηίδος  ακτής. — Argon.  Ι  1  543_55^• 

1  The  resemblance  to  Pind.  Pyth.  IV  118  was  suggested  to  me  by  Professor 
Gildersleeve : 

ΑΙσονος  γαρ  παϊς  ίπιχώριος  ου  ξείναν  ίκοίμαν  γαϊαν  άλλων. 


"The  poet's  similes,"  says  Mr.  Mahaffy,1  "are  rather  intro- 
duced for  their  prettiness  than  for  their  aptness."  Homer's 
favorite  comparison  with  the  lion,  which  appears  no  fewer  than 
thirty  times  in  the  Iliad,  gives  place  in  Apollonius  to  the  daintier 
figure  of  the  star,  which  is  used  more  frequently  than  any  other. 
One  of  these  is  a  good  specimen  of  the  poet's  light  and  graceful 
treatment : 

βη  δ    Ίμςναι  προτϊ  άστυ  φα(ΐνα;  αστέρι  ίσος, 

δν  ρά  re  νηγατέτ]σιν  eepyopevai  καλνβ^σιν 

ννμφαι  θηησαντο  δόμων  νπΐρ  άντΐΧΚοντα, 

και  σφισι  κνανίοιο  δι    ηέρος  όμματα  θέλγει 

καλόν  έρενθόμενος,  γάννται  8e  re  ηιθέύΐο 

παρθένος  Ίμΐίρονσα  per    αλλοδαποϊσιν  εόντος 

άνδράσιν,  ω  και  μίν  μνηστην  κομέυνσι  τοκήζς  ' 

τω  'ίκελος  προ  πόληος  άνα  στίβον  ήιεν  ηρως. — i  JJ-^—Jol. 

Here  is  seen  the  Homeric  detail,  which  does  not  add  to  the  like- 
ness between  the  things  compared,  but  serves  to  bring  out  more 
vividly  the  picture  presented  in  the  simile. 

A  neat  and  original  conception  appears  in  the  following : 

πυκνά.  δέ  oi  κραδίη  στηθέων  'έντοσθΐν  έθνιεν, 

ηζλ'ιου  ως  τις  Τ6  δόμοι?  ένιπάλλςται  αίγλη 

νδατος  έξανιυΰσα,  το  δη  νέον  ηέ  λέβητι, 

ηέ  που  iv  γαυλω  κέχνται  '    η  δ    'ένθα  και  '4νθα 

ωκΐ'ιτ]  στροφάλι-yyi  τινάσσεται  αίσσονσα  ' 

ως  δέ  και  iv  στηθεσσι  κέαρ  έλίλίζετο  κονρης. — III  754— 759• 

In  a  different  style,  vigorous  and  rapid,  is  one  illustrating  the 
passion  of  Hercules  on  hearing  of  the  loss  of  Hylas : 

ώς  δ    ore  τ'ις  τξ  μνωπι  τετυρρένος  έσσντο  ταύρος 

π'ισα'ι  Τ€  προλιπων  καϊ  έλεσπιδας,  ουδέ  νομίμων 

οϋδ'  αγέλης  οθΐται,  πρήσσει  δ    όδόν,  αλλοτ    απανστος, 

άλλοτε  δ    ιστάμενος,  καϊ  άνα  πλατνν  αυχεν    αε'ιρων 

"ιησιν  μΰκημα,  κακω  βεβολημένος  ο'ιστρω' 

ως  ο  ye  μαιμώων  ατέ  μεν  θοα  γοννατ    επαλλεν 

σννεχέως,  ότέ  δ    άντε  μεταλλικών  καματοιο 

τηλε  διαπρΰσιον  μεγάλη  βοάασκεν  άνττ]. — Ι   ΙΊ.65-"  12"]2. 

There  is  no  such  brilliant  series  of  similes  as  that  which 
describes  the  sally  of  the  Grecian  host  to  battle  in  the  second 

1  History  of  Greek  Literature,  Am.  ed.,  I  149. 


5 

book  of  the  Iliad.  The  narrative  of  the  trial  of  prowess  exacted 
from  Jason  by  ^etes,  III  1 224-1406,  is,  however,  enlivened  by 
no  fewer  than  nineteen  comparisons,  greater  and  smaller;  the  two 
likening  Jason  to  an  impatient  war-horse  which  smelleth  the  battle 
afar  off,  and  to  a  flash  of  lightning  darting  from  the  clouds,  have 
something  Homeric  in  their  vigor  and  their  representation  of 
succeeding  phases  of  the  same  action  : 

ως  δ    οτ    άρηιος  ίππος  (ςλδόμενος  πολίμοιο 
σκαρθμω  επιχρεμίθων  Kpovei  πίδον,  αντίιρ  vnepOev 

δι  ■>      Λ     -  ■>      1         ,ι  J        /     )      )      / 

1.0ων  ορσοισιν  (π    ουασιν  ανχεν    ueipei 

το'ιος  άρ  Αίσονιδης  επαγαίΐτο  κάρτεϊ  yviav' 

πολλά  δ    αρ  ϊνθα  και  'ένθα  μετάρσιον  'ίχνος  erraXXev, 

ασπίδα  χαλκειην  μΐλίην  τ    iv  χεροΑ  τινάσσων. 

φαίης  κΐν  ζοφίροϊο  κατ    αιθίρος  άίσσονσαν 

χΐΐμεριην  στεροπην  θαμινον  μςταπαιφάσσεσθαι 

sk  νΐφεων,  οτ    enetra  μελάντατον  όμβρον  αγωνται. 

—III  1258-1266. 

In  the  following  simile  the  vividness  of  the  picture  is  increased 
by  the  introduction  of  a  minor  comparison — a  simile  within  a 
simile  : 

ως  8e  δράκων  σκολιην  (Ίλιγμίνος  'έρχεται  οιμον, 
(υτί  μιν  όξντατον  θάλπει  σίλας  ηελίοιο ' 
ροιζω  δ    ένθα  κα\  ένθα  κάρη  στρίφει,  iv  δε  ο'ι  όσσε 
σπινθαρυγεσσι  πνρος  ε'ναλίγκια  μαιμώοντι 
λάμπεται,  όφρα  μνχόνδε  δια  ρωχμο'ιο  δυηται  ' 
ως    Αργώ  λίμνης  στόμα  ναυπορον  εζερεουσα 
άμφεπΰλει  δηναιον  eVt  χρόνον.  —  IV   Ι539- 1545• 

Use  of  Tenses  in  the  Similes. 

The  verb  of  a  simile  may  be  in  either  the  indicative  mood  or 
the  subjunctive   (with  or  without  av).     If  it  is  in  the  indicative, 

1  Following  is  the  complete  list  of  similes  and  comparisons  in  Apollonius: 
Extended :  I  269,  307,  536,  575,  774,  879,  1003,  1026,  1049,  1172,  1201,  1243, 
1265.  II  25,  38,  40,  70,  79,  88,  123,  130,  278,  543,  664,  934,  1025,  1075,  1079, 
1085.  Ill  275,  291,  656,  754,  875,  955,  966,  1018,  1227,  1239,  1258,  1264,  1292, 
1298,1326.  I339.I349.  1353,  1369.  1373.  1376,  13S5,  1390,1398.  IV  12,35, 
iog,  124, 139,  150,  167,  214,  238,  459,  485,  623,  670,  674,  845,  931,  946,  1060, 
1278,  1296,  1335,  1450,  1475,  1539,  l6°2,  1680. 

Briefer :  I  23g,  2S5,  315,  461,  544,  546,  635,  738,  991,  1296.  II  44,  90,  169, 
197,  267,  305,  567,  582,  593,  596,  602, 1257.  Ill  141, 2S6,  446, 1056, 1 196,  1251, 
1320,  1372,  1392.  IV  172,  184,  220,  316,  3S4,  46S,  488,  726,  875,  943,  964,  975, 
1143,  1243,  1306, 1391,  1447, 1612,  1677. 


either  the  present  or  the  aorist  tense  may  be  used  (occasionally  the 
perf.  =  pres.).  While  the  choice  of  mood  and  tense  is  doubtless 
often  influenced  by  the  requirements  of  the  metre,  certain  laws 
have  been  deduced  from  the  Homeric  usage,  and,  in  accordance 
with  the  line  of  work  undertaken  in  the  present  paper,  it  will  be 
considered  how  far  the  following  laws  apply  to  the  Alexandrian 
poet:' 

"  I.  The  law  of  the  use  of  the  aorist  in  a  paradigmatic  sense  to 
express  a  general  conception,  holds  in  the  simile. 

"  2.  After  the  single  instance  has  by  the  use  of  the  aorist  been 
cited  as  a  type  of  the  class,  the  present  is  used  to  describe  the 
circumstances  connected  with  it. 

"  3.  In  subsequent  description  of  that  which  was  the  subject  of 
the  simile,  the  imperfect  is  used  in  preference  to  the  aorist,  although 
that  tense  [the  aorist]  may  have  been  used  before  the  simile — this 
in  some  measure  being  due  to  the  reflex  force  of  the  present  used 
in  the  simile." 

An  examination  of  50  of  the  most  important  similes  of  the 
Iliad  gives  the  following  result : 
In  the  introduction  of  the  simile  : 
Aorist  33.    . 

Present  15  (2  of  which  are  verbs  having  only  pres.  and  impf.) 
Perfect  ι  {βίβρυχιν,  XVII  264  =  pres.) 
In  continued  description  : 
Present  44. 
Aorist  6. 
In  verb  with  the  subject  of  comparison  : 
Imperfect  37. 
Aorist  10. 
Pluperfect  2. 

(In  XVI  7  direct  address  in  perf.) 
The  following  statistics  for  Apollonius  include  all  his  similes 
containing  a  finite  verb,  except  five,  which,  for  one  reason  or 
another,  cannot  fairly  be  classed  : 

1 1  am  not  aware  that  the  subject  is  treated  fully  in  any  printed  work.  The 
quotation  and  the  statistics  given  for  Homer  are  from  an  unpublished  paper  on 
"  The  Similes  of  Homer,"  prepared  by  a  student  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity, and  now  in  the  possession  of  Professor  Gildersleeve.  The  statistics  are 
compiled  from  only  50  similes  of  the  Iliad. 


ι.  Similes  in   which   only   one   verb    in    the   indicative   mood 
occurs : 

Present  16  (3  of  which  have  no  aor.) 
Aorist  4. 

Perfect  ι  (τή-vierai,  IV  934  =  pres.) 

Imperfect  or  perfect  ι  (ΐαχςν,  III  1370  :  an  ambiguous  form, 
but  doubtless  perf.)• 

2.  Similes  in  which  more  than  one  verb  in  the  indicative  mood 
occur : 

(a)  Leading  verb  : 

Present  33  (1  having  no  aor.). 
Aorist  9. 
Future  1. 
Perfect  1. 
(£)  Following  verb  : 
Present  34. 
Aorist  10. 
Imperfect  1. 
Future  1. 
Perfect  4. 
These  are  found  in  the  following  combinations: 
Pres.  followed  by  pres.  22. 

"  "       pres.  and  fut.  1. 

"  "       pres.  and  aor.  1. 

"       pres.,  aor.,  and  perf.  1. 

"  "       pres.  and  perf.  1. 

"  "       impf.  1. 

"  "       aor.  5. 

"  "       perf.  (no  pres.)  1. 

Aor.  "       pres.  6. 

"       pres.  and  aor.  1. 

"  "       aor.  2. 

Perf.  "       pres.  1. 

Fut.  "       perf.  1. 

3.  Verb  with  the  subject  of  the  comparison  : 
(a)  Before  the  simile  : 

Imperfect  11  (1  having  no  aor.) 
Aorist  14. 
Pluperfect  4. 


8 

(6)  After  the  simile : 

Imperfect  32. 

Aorist  14. 

Doubtful  forms  (impf.  or  aor.)  2. 

Pluperfect  1. 
A  glance  at  these  figures  will  show  that  the  second  of  the  rules 
quoted  above  does  not  by  any  means  hold  with  regard  to  Apol- 
lonius.  He  does  not,  with  the  same  regularity  as  Homer,  intro- 
duce the  simile  by  a  generic  use  of  the  aorist,  and  then  carry  out 
the  details  in  the  present ;  on  the  contrary,  the  aorist  follows  in 
10  instances,  and  leads  in  only  9.  An  aorist  is  followed  by  a 
present  in  6  cases ;  a  present  by  an  aorist  in  5.  While  in  the 
similes  of  the  Iliad  the  aorist  leads  more  than  twice  as  frequently 
as  the  present,  in  the  Argonautica  the  present  opens  the  simile 
three  and  a  half  times  as  often  as  the  aorist. 

With  respect  to  the  third  rule,  on  the  other  hand,  it  is  to  be 
noticed  that  the  preponderance  of  imperfects  over  aorists  after 
the  simile  (reversing  the  relative  use  before  it),  shows  in  Apol- 
lonius  the  same  attracting  power  of  the  present,  or  its  substitute 
the  aorist,  in  the  simile.  The  aorist  is  more  frequent  before  the 
simile ;  the  imperfect  more  than  twice  as  common  after  it.  The 
vividness  of  the  picture  receives  a  natural  heightening  by  the 
representation  of  the  act  as  still  in  progress. 

The  subjunctive  in  similes  is  not  particularly  common  in  Apol- 
lonius.  It  is  found  in  principal  and  subordinate  (including  rela- 
tive) clauses  11  times.  In  only  two  of  these  cases  does  av  occur. 
These  two  instances  are  ώς  δ'  St'  av  (I  1201)  and  ως  8'  όπότ  av 
(IV  93ι). 

Introductory  Forms  in  the  Similes. 

The  epic  poet  had  at  his  command  a  large  variety  of  methods 
for  the  introduction  of  a  simile,  whether  it  was  extended  or  merely 
an  indicated  comparison.  The  particles  ηύτ€,  ών,  ώστ€,  ως  ore,  and  ώ$• 
οπότε  are  common  ;  the  last  two  used  only  to  introduce  a  clause,  the 
first  three  to  introduce  either  a  clause  or  a  single  word  ;  όπως,  are, 
οίον,  οίον  re,  οία,  οΐά  re,  οίον  ore,  are  of  less  frequent  occurrence. 
Again,  an  adjective  or  a  participle  meaning  "like"  may  be  used, 
and  details  added,  if  necessary,  in  a  subordinate  clause.     Such 

are    Ίσος,    eifceXor,  ΐοικώς,  ατάλαντος,  ίναλίγκιος    (άλίγκιος),  (18όμ(νος.      oios 

and  όσος  may  introduce  clauses.     Finally,  the  simile  may  be  put 
in  a  paratactic  sentence  introduced  by  τοΐος,  τοίως,  and  expressions 


like  eiVcro  elvai  and  φαίης  ksv.  All  these  forms  occur  in  Apollonius. 
The  following  list  will  show  their  relative  frequency,  both  in  ex- 
tended and  in  merely  indicated  similes : 


Extended. 

Briefer. 

Total 

ηύτβ 

ΙΟ 

8 

18 

ώί 

8 

ΙΟ 

ι8 

ωστ( 

3 

5 

8 

ώ?  ore 

ιό 

... 

ι6 

ώ?  όπότ€ 

6 

... 

6 

όπως 

... 

Ι 

Ι 

are 

3 

Ι 

4 

οίον 

2 

2 

4 

οίον  Τ€ 

3 

Ι 

4 

οίον  οτς 

2 

... 

2 

οία 

Ι 

2 

3 

οίά  Τ€ 

... 

2 

2 

ημοί  (tern 

poral) 

3 

... 

3 

Adjectives : 

(eji'xeXo? 

2 

ΙΟ 

12 

somas 

... 

2 

2 

ίΐδόμςνος  (ε«δόμ«>οί) 

Ι 

2 

3 

αλίγκιοΐ 

... 

Ι 

Ι 

ϊναλίγκιοε 

Ι 

2 

3 

ίσος 

Ι 

•    5 

6 

ατάλαντος 

Ι 

Ι 

2 

οίος 

6 

... 

6 

όσος 

Ι 

... 

Ι 

Paratactic  : 

τοϊος 

Ι 

... 

Ι 

τοίως 

Ι 

... 

Ι 

φαίης  κΐν 

2 

... 

2 

ίίκτο  eivai 

Ι 

... 

Ι 

VOCABULARY. 

In  his  capacity  of  a  learned  poet,  surrounded  by  all  the  literary 
wealth  of  Alexandria,  Apollonius  has  drawn  the  vocabulary  of 
his  poem  from  the  most  varied  sources.  A  large  proportion  of 
the  words  is  Homeric ;  their  choice,  like  their  syntactical  arrange- 
ment, is  as  close  a  copy  of  the  great  model  as  a  late   writer, 


ΙΟ 

consciously  putting  himself  back  into  a  distant  age  and  a  strange 
dialect,  could  attain.  The  body  of  the  Homeric  poems,  especially 
with  the  addition  of  the  Epic  Cycle,  which  Apollonius  knew,  sup- 
plied a  stock  of  words  sufficient  for  the  demands  of  the  story  of 
the  Golden  Fleece — a  story,  in  its  outward  details  at  least,  con- 
ceived in  much  the  same  spirit  as  the  Siege  of  Troy  and  the 
Wanderings  of  Ulysses.  Apollonius  has  not  hesitated  to  use  these 
materials  freely ;  not  only  do  familiar  Homeric  expressions  appear 
on  every  page,  but  even  the  άπαξ  λε-νομενα  of  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey, 
sometimes  of  doubtful  meaning,  are  seized  upon,  and  employed 
often  more  than  once.  Thus  an  examination  of  Apollonius,  whose 
meaning  in  such  cases  may  be  quite  clear,  sometimes  becomes 
testimony  of  high  value  in  the  discussion  of  Homeric  passages. 
Whether  or  not  his  understanding  of  Homer  was  always  correct, 
we  can  at  least  know  what  a  man  of  wide  reading,  and  one  of  the 
first  poets  of  his  century,  believed  to  be  the  proper  interpreta- 
tion of  certain  passages ;  and  this  evidence  is  to  be  classed  with 
what  has  come  down  to  us  of  the  labors  of  Aristarchus  and 
Aristophanes  of  Byzantium.1 

So  far  we  can  speak  with  confidence  ;  beyond  this  our  state- 
ments must  be  made  with  caution  and  doubt.  When  we  find 
words  in  Apollonius  which  occur  elsewhere  only  in  the  later  epic, 
the  lyric,  drama,  or  even  prose,  the  loss  of  so  great  a  portion  of 
the  Greek  literature  makes  us  uncertain  whether  these  words 
belong  solely  to  the  department  in  which  we  have  to  place  them, 
or  whether  Apollonius  may  not  have  taken  them  rather  from  the 
common  language — words  which  by  some  chance  have  failed  to 
find  use  in  the  literature  we  possess — or  from  those  other  epics, 
second  in  time  and  value  only  to  Homer,  which  have  perished. 
This  doubt  applies  still  more  to  the  άπαξ  λεγόμενα  and  words  not 
quoted  from  other  authors  ;  except  in  the  case  of  adjectives  or 
compounds,  probably  only  a  small  part  of  the  words  which  seem 
to  be  peculiar  to  Apollonius  were  original  with  him.  Words 
glossed  by  the  lexicographers,  however,  many  of  which  are  to  be 

1  The  vocabulary  of  Apollonius,  in  its  bearing  on  the  Homeric  poems,  has 
been  discussed,  and  many  instances  collected,  by  Merkel,  in  the  Prolegomena 
to  his  edition  of  1854,  by  L.  Schmidt  (De  Apollonii  Rhodii  Elocutione,  West- 
phal,  1853),  and  by  Mr.  R.  C.  Seaton  (Journal  of  Philology,  i8gf  Vol.  XIX,  tffll.b1'1 
pp.  1  ff.).  Mr.  Seaton  says  :  "  I  venture  to  think  that  Buttmann's  assumption 
that  the  later  epic  poets  did  not  intentionally  extend  the  Homeric  usage  is  not 
warranted  by  the  facts,  at  least  so  far  as  Apollonius  is  concerned  "  (p.  2).  He 
summarizes  his  conclusions  on  p.  13. 


II 

found  in  the  Argonautica,  cannot  have  been  common  or  well- 
known. 

In  a  more  careful  examination  of  the  vocabulary  of  Apollonius 
we  might  distinguish:  (i)  words  used  by  Homer  and  Apollonius 
in  the  same  sense ;  (2)  Homeric  words  used  in  a  different  sense  ; 
(3)  minor  changes  of  spelling,  quantity,  etc.  ;  (4)  words  not 
Homeric,  but  found  in  Attic  Greek,  in  the  later  epic,  in  lyric  or 
dramatic  poetry,  or  only  in  prose  ;  (5)  words  used  only  by  Apol- 
lonius, but  used  by  him  more  than  once ;  (6)  άπαξ  λεγόμενα.  I 
shall  not  attempt  a  thorough  treatment  of  the  first  four  classes, but 
shall  merely  give  examples,  selected  chiefly  from  the  opening 
lines  of  the  poem. 

I.  Words  in  different  meaning  from  Homer  : 
αυτοσχώόν,  I  12,  immediately;  in  Homer,  hand-to-hand, 
άγαίομαι  =  μίμφίσθαι,  I  899;  admire,  III  1015.1     Cf  Schol.  on 

Od.  XX  16  :    Άγαν   θαυμάζοντος  η  χαλΐπαίνοντος.      Here  we  find 

a  preservation  of  two  rival  interpretations. 
άτίμβεσθαι  always  =  bla?ne.     In  Homer  =  to  be  deprived  of, 
act.  -maltreat  or  perplex.     Cf.  Schol.  on  Ap.  II  56,  1202." 

II.  Variations  of  form  and  spelling: 

γηραος,  I  98.       HoiTl.  yepaios• 

χΐρόνησος,  I  925  (metri  gratia).     So  the  strange  χίρνησος,  IV 

1173• 

III.  Variations  of  quantity  : 
Ιλίος,  I  10,  II  821.     Horn.  ϋ. 

ί'σο$,  II  583  (Attic).       Hom.  ίσος. 

IV.  Words  not  Homeric : 

νποφήτωρ,  I  22.     Anth.  Pal.,  Manetho,  Nonnus. 

σθίνω,  I  62.     Tragic. 

άλκήας,  I  71.     H.  Horn.  28,  3,  Dion.  Peri.,  etc. 

φίρβομαι,  I  127.     H.  Hom.  30,  4,  etc. 

τίφοί,  I  127.  Theocr.,  etc. 
I  subjoin  lists,  which  I  have  endeavored  to  make  as  complete 
as  possible,  of  words  peculiar  to  Apollonius,  distinguishing 
between  those  which  are  repeated  and  the  άπαξ  λεγόμςνα.  Under 
each  class  I  have  put  in  a  separate  list  the  compound  verbs,  which 
all  Greek  writers  form  so  easily.  In  many  cases  citations  by 
lexicographers  are  referred  to,  and  similar  forms  compared. 

1  The  Paris  ed.  here  reads  άγαλλομενη.     Merkel,  however,  compares  I  Sgg, 
III  470,  1261. 

2  The  last  two  examples  are  borrowed  from  Mr.  Seaton. 


12 


Words  Used  only  by  Apollonius. 

αγχίρροος,  II  367,  965. 

αλσηΐδες,  Ι   Ιθ66.       IV   II49. 

άναρπά-γδην,  IV  577,   I23O. 

έκβάσιος,  I  966,  1 1 86. 

ίμβάσιος,  I  359,  404.1 

ί'ιηπτάζω,  I  492,  864. 

eWraSti,  IV  354,  718,  1413,  1505. 

(ΐτηορος,  II  I067.      Ill  855.      IV  142. 

έπιφραδίως,  I   I02I,  I336.      II   II36.      Ill  83. 

iv(-civa>s,  I  963,  1 1 79. 

6evpoptos,  III  676,  973• 

κατημύω,  II  864.       Ill   1 399. 

κηδοσννη,  I  277.       Ill  462.       IV  I47I. 

λίχρκ,  I  1235.     Ill  238,  1 159. 

λιγννόεις,  II  1 33.      Ill   129Ο. 

νηοσσόος,  I  570.      II  929. 

νηπντίη,  III  735.       IV  789. 

όπηδΐύω,  IV  673,  972. 

παλιντροπάομαι,  IV   165,  64 1•2 

παρασσον,  I  383.      II  963.       Ill  17,   125,  968. 

περιθαρσής,  I  I52,  195• 

nepmoWov,  II  439,  474.      Ill  427. 

Compound  Verbs. 

αποκατατίθεμαι,   III  8l6,   1286. 
ϋσανίχχο,  I   I360.       IV  29 1,  1 576. 
ίΐσαποβαίνω,  IV  625,  64S,   1779• 
βπαρτίζω,  I  877,  I  2  ΙΟ. 
ΐπιστοβεω,  III  663.       IV  1723. 
μςτατρίφω,  I   1 98.       II  I  237. 
τταρζκνίομαι,  II  653,  943,   1 246. 
παρεξαμείβω,  I  581.       II  94  (in  tmesis). 
περιμενζαίνω,  I  670,  77 1   (both  in  tmesis). 
σνναρτννω,  II   IO78.      IV  355. 
νποίσχομαι,  IV  1 69,  473• 

1  Found  on  a  coin  of  Antonine. 

2  πάλιν  τρωπάσθαι,  II.  XVI  95. 


13 


αγχανρον,  IV   III. 
άδαίίτος,  III   ΙΟ32. 

άλίβροχοε,  II  733•2 

άμζΰσιμον,  IV  297• 
άμορβάς,  III  88θ. 
άνηρΐφής,  II    1174* 
άπηρής,  1   888. 
άποτροπίη.,  IV   Ι502. 
άτημελίη,  III  829.* 
άτυ^λό?,  II   Ι059• 
άψεγίως,  II   ΙΟ24.6 
βηταρμός,  I   ΙΙ35• 
διαμμοιρηδά,  III   1028. 
διήλνσιε,  IV  Ι571•6 
δολοκτασία,  IV  479• 
δυσάσ^£το?,  II  27  2. 7 
δυσαυχ^ϊ,  III  975• 
έγ/ςνΐτης,  IV  1547• 
eXeawls,  I  Ι206.8 
εναμοιβαδίς,  Ι  3^0. 
ΐΡ€οστασίη,  III  7 Ο. 

swains  (inhabitant),  Ι  1 126 
ivrevts,  II  935• 

ΐπαμοιβός,  II   loyj.11 
('πημάτιος,  III  894• 
έπψΈΐη,  III    I006.ia 
ΐπιδρομίη,   III   593'.13 
έπικριδόν,  II  302. 
ίττινάστιοΓ,  I  795• 
ίπιπροτίρωσΐ)  II  942• Μ 
ΐΰαντης,  IV  148. 
ΐνπαλίως,  IV  193• 
ίΰρρψ',  Ι  49• 

>  Suid. 

4  Agathias  άτημελεία. 


Απαξ   λεγό μίνα. 

ΐύστΐΐρος,  Ι  40Ι• 
(ύστιπτος,  II  30. 
καλαμητόμος,  IV  985* 
καταχείριος,  Ι   1 1 89. 
λαθίφροσυνη,  IV   35^• 
λιμενήοχον,  II  goj.^ 
Χωφηιοί,  II  4^7* 
μ(ίλικτρα,  IV  7ίΟ. 
μΐλιηγενης,  IV   1039• 
μιξοδίη,   IV  9Ι9•16 

/ΛΙΊΟΕΙί,    IV    1235• 

/uv#ci7>  IV  1283." 
oieavos,  III  646. 

ol'f?,  II  139•18 

οϊοπίδιλοί,  Ι  7• 
οκλαδόν,  III   122. 
07Γ(δΐΌ'<Γ,    II    292. 
όρ#οσταδοι>,  IV   1/\2^.. 
πανίσχατος,  IV  3θ8. 
πα^υκηλοί,  III   1195• 
πΐριβληχρός,  IV  6ΐ9• 
περικΚαδί/ς,  IV  2 1 6. 
πίριρρήδψ,  IV  Ι579•'9 

περιτροπάδην,  JI    143• 
πηοσύνη,    Ι   48• 
προπροκαταίγδην,  II  597«J° 
σπινθάρνξ,  IV   Ι542• 
στβλεή,  IV  955•21 
στια,  II   ΙΙ75•22 
σνμμηστωρ,  Ι  228. 
ύπακουόί,  IV  1379• 
χέρνησοε,  IV  1 173- 
χερόί^σο?,  Ι  925•23 

3  Ε.  Μ.     V.  1.  in  Clem.  Alex. 


Hesych 


5  άψεγής  Soph.  El.  497.  6  Hesych.,  Suid. 

7  Ernesti  amended  συσάΜτ,γετος :   Merkel  cites  schol.  on  II.  II  12,  694. 
8E.  Μ.  9  By  Ruhnken's  conj.  hl,  /n,,    ,,.   II  519,  Anth.  Plan.  331. 

11  Horn,  ίπημοφύς.  "  Zonaras. 

13Lobeck,  Phryn.  527.  14έπί  προτερωσε  Merkel  in  Teubner  text  ed. 

15  Ε.  M.  16  Hesych.  μισγοδία.  ll  See  Arcadius  106. 

ls  Hesych.  'β  περψρηδής,  I  431,  Horn.,  etc.  -°  Ε.  M. 

21  =  στειλειή.  ™  See  Schol.  '•'■■  Metri  gratia. 


14 


Compound  Verbs. 

αναμαρμαίρω,  III   1299."  ίπιτμήγω,  IV  705 

άντΐταγών,  II   ΙΙ9• 
άπερητύω,  I  J  J  2. 

άπομζθίημι,  I  280  (in  tmesis). 

άποΓίκμαίρομαι,  IV   1 53^• 


διαγλαύσσω,  1   Ι2οΙ. 
διασκαίρω,  Ι  574• 
δΐΐίλνομαι,  IV  35• 
(γκτβρζΐζω,  Ι   Ιθ6θ. 
ζΐσαφύω,  IV  169Ο. 

κφλνσσω,  Ι   275• 

ι^υδίάω,  II  937• 

ΐΊ7τάλλομαί,   III  755" 
enaXerpfvo),  I   lOJJ. 

παλινδίομαι,  IV  1 46 1, 
^νίκυδιάω,  IV  3^3* 
έπιπαμφαλάω,  II   Ι27•3 

πιπροέχομαι,  IV  5^4• 

πιπρομολΐΐν,  III  665. 

πιπρονίομαι,  IV   1 586. 

7Γΐ7τροσβ(ίλλω,  Ι  93^• 

πιπροφαίνομαι,  III  9 1 6. 

πιπροφίρω,  IV  Ι5Ι7• 
επισταχνω,  Ι  97  2• 


ΐπιχνοάω,  Ι  672. 
ίσανδρόω,  Ι  874• 
κατακτΐατίζομαι,  III    136. 
καταπροχίω,  III   III 7• 
κατ€νκη\(ω,  IV   Ι057• 
μΐτακλΐίω,  II  296. 4 
μΐταλδησκω,  III  4^-4• 
μίταλωφίω,  Ι   Ιΐ6ΐ. 
μεταπαιφάσσομαι,  III    1 265. 
/iera^afo/iat,  III  436• 
παραθερίζω,  II  603. 
παραστρωφάω,  II  667. 
παρεννίπω,  III  3^7• 

παρόρννμι,  III  486-7  (in  tmesis). 

περιτίω,  III  74•& 
προπροβιάζομαι,  Ι  3&6. 
σνναμαθΰνω,  III  295  Ο11  tmesis). 
συναρθμΐω,  IV  4^8. 
σννΐδριάομαι,  Ι  3^8. 
σννευφράζομαι,  III  9*7•6 
νπΐκπροτάμνω,  IV  225  ('η  tmesis). 
νττΐζαφΰομαι,  II  9^5• 
νπεραίδομαι,  III  977* 


SYNTAX  OF  FINAL  CLAUSES. 

The  Homeric  usage  in  clauses  of  purpose,  which,  while  defi- 
nite and  well-settled,  allows  a  greater  variety  of  construction  than 
is  found  in  the  classical  language,  is  in  the  main  followed  by 
Apollonius.  Several  noticeable  differences,  however,  both  in 
single  examples  and  in  the  general  percentages  yielded  by  the 
statistical  method,  are  brought  out  by  a  close  study.  In  this 
examination  the  lines  laid  down  by  Weber  (Entwickelungsge- 
schichte  der  Absichtssatze,  Part  I,  Wiirzburg,  1884)  have  been 
followed,  and  the  statistics  for  Homer  have  been  drawn  from  that 
authoritative  work. 

1  Merkel  (1854)  amended  άναμαιμάονσιν;  Ruhnken  άναμορμνρονσιν. 

2  By  conj.  3  Used,  according  to  schol.,  by  Hipponax  and  Anacreon. 
4  Ε.  Μ.                      5  Cf.  II.  VIII  161.  6  See  Lobeck,  Phryn.  624. 


15 

In  comparison  with  the  567  examples  from  which  Weber 
draws  his  conclusions,  the  90  clauses  of  Apollonius  (occurring 
with  less  frequency  in  about  the  proportion  of  7  :  9)  furnish  less 
material  than  we  might  wish.  This  may,  perhaps,  account  for  the 
fact  that,  of  the  Homeric  formulas  for  the  introduction  of  final 
clauses,  Apollonius  uses  only  'ίνα  (Ινα  μη),  &s  <ev,  οφρα,  οφρα  κ^ν 
(οφρα  μη),  and  μη,  combining  the  negative  with  none  but  Ινα  and 
οφρα,  using  ώϊ  only  with  <ev,  av  not  at  all,  and  not  availing  himself 
of  όπως  or  eW.  He  twice  employs  the  Alexandrian  τόφρα  metri 
gratia  as  a  substitute  for  οφρα. 

Statistics  of  the  Moods  and  Tenses  of  Final  Clauses 
with  the  Various  Particles. 

1.  With  μη. 

ι.  After  primary  tenses  the  pres.  subj.  occurs  once  ;  the  aor. 
subj.  3  times.  In  IV  112  (after  aor.  =  pres.)  the  form  is  doubtful 
(pres.  or  aor.). 

2.  After  secondary  tenses  the  pres.  opt.  occurs  twice  ;  the  aor. 
opt.  4  times. 

3.  The  fut.  ind.  occurs  after  a  primary  tense  once. 
Total,  12.     Homer  108  (II.  54,  Od.  54). 

II.  With  U. 

1.  There  is  no  example  of  pure  ως. 

2.  ως  nev  does  not  occur  with  the  subj. 

3.  After  secondary  tenses  the  pres.  opt.  occurs  3  times ;  the 
aor.  opt.  9  times. 

4.  After  primary  tenses  the  pres.  opt.  occurs  once  ;  the  aor.  opt. 
twice  (once  after  a  gnomic  aorist).  In  one  case  both  tenses  are 
found. 

5.  ως  Sv  does  not  occur. 

Total:  &ς  κΐν,  i6.  Homer:  ως  ntv,  25  (II.  11,  Od.  14)  ;  ως  αν,  13 
(II.  4,  Od.  9)  ;  ως,  25  (II.  i6,  Od.  9).  Total  for  Homer,  63  (II.  31, 
Od.  32). 

III.  With  οφρα. 

ι.  After  primary  tenses  the  pres.  subj.  occurs  twice;  the  aor. 
subj.  6  times  (once  after  opt.)  ;  the  perf.  subj.  =  pres.  once. 

2.  After  primary  tenses  the  pres.  opt.  occurs  twice. 

3.  After  secondary  tenses  the  pres.  opt.  occurs  9  times ;  the 
aor.  opt.  8  times;  both  tenses  once. 


ϊ6 

4•  After  secondary  tenses  the  pres.  subj.  occurs  twice ;  the  aor. 
subj.  5  times. 

5.  After  primary  tenses  the  fut.  ind.  occurs  3  times  (2  of  which 
are  perhaps  subj.  forms). 

6.  After  a  secondary  tense  the  fut.  ind.  occurs  once  (perhaps 
subj.). 

7.  The  aor.  ind.  occurs  twice. 

Total :  Clauses  introduced  by  οφρα,  42  (including  οφρα  κεν,  ι). 
Homer,  237  (II.  117,  Od.  120),  including  οφρα  <ev  8,  οφρα  liv  6. 

IV.  With  τόφρα. 

ι.  After  secondary  tenses  the  aor.  opt.  occurs  twice  (III  806, 
IV  1485). 

τόφρα  is  a  late  substitute  for  οφρα,  used  to  avoid  hiatus,  and  its 
occurrence  is  not  significant. 

V.  With  Ίνα. 

ι.  After  primary  tenses  the  pres.  subj.  occurs  3  times. 

2.  After  primary  tenses  the  pres.  opt.  occurs  once  ;  the  aor.  opt. 
twice. 

3.  After  secondary  tenses  the  pres.  opt.  occurs  once ;  the  aor. 
opt.  7  times  ;  in  2  cases  both  are  found. 

4.  After  secondary  tenses  the  pres.  subj.  occurs  once  ;  the  aor. 
subj.  once. 

Total,  18  ;  Homer,  145  (II.  67,  Od.  78). 

The  relative  frequency  of  the  different  particles  in  Apollonius 
and  in  Homer  is  shown  by  the  following  comparative  table:1 


11. 

Per  cent. 

Od. 

Per  cent. 

Horn. 

Per  cent. 

Ap. 

Per  cent. 

οφρα 

117 

43-2 

I20 

40.5 

237 

41.8 

42 

46.7 

τόφρα 

... 

... 

... 

... 

2 

2.2 

ινα 

67 

24.7 

78 

26.4 

145 

25.6 

l8 

20.0 

μη 

54 

19.9 

54 

l8.2 

IO8 

I9.O 

12 

13-3 

o)S 

3i 

ιΐ•5 

32 

ΙΟ.8 

63 

II. I 

l6 

17.8 

όπως 

2 

0.7 

7 

2.4 

9 

1.6 

... 

... 

60)f 

... 

5 

ΐ•7 

5 

0.9 

... 

271     100.0       296     100.0       567     100.0      90     100.0 

1  Cf.  Weber,  Absichtssatze,  I,  pp.  27-33. 

In  these  statistics  the  following  anomalous  clause  in  Apollonius,  which 
wavers  between  fear  and  purpose,  without  change  of  particle,  has  been  omitted : 

— τω  καί  σε  λιλαιόμενος  μεβέ?μεν, 
όείματι,  μή  τις  έοϋ  αντάξιος  άλλος  άνάσσοι 
αθανάτων,  αλλ''  αϊ  ε  ν  εον  κράτος  ε'ιρνο/το. — IV  8θο— 8θ2. 


17 

From  the  preceding  statistics  these  results  may  be  deduced  : 
i.  Apollonius  has  not  availed  himself  of  several  of  the  forms 
of  purpose-clause  possible  in  the  epic.     So  in   Hesiod  and  the 
Homeric  hymns  όπως,  ews,  'όφρα  &v,  'ίνα  κϊρ  are  not  found.1 

2.  In  the  more  common  forms,  in  which  a  remarkable  unifor- 
mity prevails  between  the  Iliad  and  the  Odyssey,  the  averages  of 
Apollonius  do  not  vary  from  those  of  Homer  more  than  8  per 
cent. 

3.  The  variations  are  as  follows  : 

(α)  οφρα,  which  introduces  41.8  per  cent,  of  the  final  clauses 
in  Homer,  has  risen  in  Apollonius  (including  τόφρα)  to  48.9  per 
cent. 

(6)  Ίνα  falls  from  25.6  per  cent,  in  Homer  to  20  per  cent,  in 
Apollonius. 

(c)  ώ?  (used  by  Apollonius  only  in  the  combination  &s  κεν)  has 
risen  from  11.1  per  cent,  to  17.8  per  cent. 

(d)  μη  has  fallen  from  19  per  cent,  in  Homer  to  13.3  per  cent, 
in  Apollonius. 

A  summary  of  the  moods  and  their  sequence  in  final  clauses 
follows : 


s 

Particle. 

iibjunctive  after 
Prim.        Sec. 

Optative  after 
Sec.         Prim. 

Fut.  Ind. 
Prim. 

after 
Sec. 

Past 
Ind. 

Total. 

IVU 

2 

2 

II 

3 

... 

l8 

IVU  μη 

2 

I 

3 

ως  K€v 

12 

4 

... 

16 

Όφρα 

7 

6 

l8 

2 

3 

I 

2 

39 

Όφρα  Keu 

1 

... 

... 

1 

όφρα  μη 

2 

2 

τ  οφρα 

2 

2 

Μ 

5 

... 

6 

1 

12 

Total,         18       10        49         9  4  1  2         93 

In  IV  802,  mentioned  above,  the  opt.  follows  a  secondary  tense 
without  introductory  particle. 

In  three  cases  the  mood  changes  within  the  same  clause  ;  trom 
the  opt.  to  the  subj.  in  I  446-7  and  659-61,  and  from  the  fut.  ind. 
(or  aor.  subj.)  to  the  subj.  in  III  908-10. 

With  these  figures  may  be  compared  the  summary  of  the 
Homeric  usage:2 

'Weber,  I  71. 

*2  Gathered  from  Weber's  statistics.  All  doubtful  examples  have  been 
omitted  in  this  and  the  following  Homeric  table. 


Subjunctive  after 

Optative 

after 

Primary. 

Secondary. 

Secondary. 

Primary. 

Fut.  Ind. 

Totals. 

ll'll 

76 

9 

48 

2 

... 

135 

ώς 

ΙΟ 

I 

II 

I 

23 

ως  Kev 

17 

2 

3 

22 

ώς  civ 

7 

3 

2 

12 

οφρα 

148 

12 

46 

I 

4 

211 

οφρα  κςι 

5 

I 

I 

... 

7 

οφρα  αν 

3 

2 

I 

6 

μη 

77 

r 

25 

2 

105 

όπως 

I 

7 

... 

1 

9 

ίως 

5 

... 

5 

Totals,       344  26  149  9  7  535 

From  a  comparison  of  these  two  tables  the  following  results 
may  be  gathered  : 

1.  Apollonius  is  much  less  strict  than  Homer  in  observing  the 
ordinary  sequence  of  subjunctive  after  primary  tenses,  and  opta- 
tive after  secondary.  In  less  than  one-fifth  the  number  of  exam- 
ples he  has  nearly  half  as  many  subjunctives  after  secondary  tenses, 
and  exactly  the  same  number  of  optatives  after  primary  tenses. 

2.  The  great  preponderance  of  the  subjunctive  following  pri- 
mary tenses  over  the  optative  after  secondary  tenses  which  we 
see  in  Homer,  is  in  Apollonius  reversed.  Without  statistics  at 
hand,  I  believe  that  this  is  due  to  two  causes — the  larger  propor- 
tion of  dialogue  in  Homer,  in  which  present  and  future  tenses  are 
used,  and  the  greater  complexity  of  the  sentence  in  Apollonius's 
narrative. 

3.  The  future  indicative  is  more  frequent  in  Apollonius.  Weber 
mentions  no  example  in  Homer  after  a  secondary  tense  :  in  Apol- 
lonius the  following  may  be  due  to  the  attraction  of  the  subjunc- 
tives : 

η  δ    ore  κηρυκζσσιν  ΐπςξυνώσατο  μύθους, 
SeXyepev,  evr    αν  πρώτα  θΐας  πΐρ\  νηόν  ικηται 
συνθβσίτ],  νυκτός  τ€  μίλαν  κνίφας  άμφιβάλτ]σιν, 
(Χθίμεν,  οφρα  δ  όλον  συμφράσσΐται,  ως  κβν  ίΧοΰσα 
χρυσζίον  μΐγα  κώας  υπότροπος  αύτις  οπίσσω 
βαίη  ες  Αιηταο  δόμους. — IV  435— 44<-)• 

It  should  be  said  that  all  these  futures,  except  μ^λεΰσομαι  (IV 
837),  may  be  regarded  as  Homeric  subjunctives  with  short  vowel. 

4.  The  Attic  use  of  a  secondary  tense  of  the  indicative  to  denote 
that  the  object  of  the  purpose  was  not  attained,  does  not  occur 
in  Homer.     Apollonius  has  it  twice.     It  occurs  besides,  together 


19 


with  the  opt.   and  pres.    ind.,  in   the  following  sentence,  which 
seems  completely  anomalous : 

αίψα  δ    ίρνσσάμζνος  μέγα  φάσγανον   ώρτο  νίίσθαι, 

μήπως  η  θήρζσσιν  ΐλωρ  πίλοι,  ηε  μιν  <lv8pes 

μοϋνον  iovT    ΐλόχησαν,  αγονσι  8e  Χηίδ    ίτοίμην. — I   Ι25Ο— 1252. 

A  summary  of  the  tenses  used  by  Apollonius  follows  ; 


Present 
Subj.     Opt. 


Aorist 
Subj.     Opt. 


Ind 


Doubtful 
Pr.  orAo.    Perf. 
Subj.        Subj. 


Fut. 
Ind. 


Lva 

ίνα  μη 


όφρα  μη 


5 

12 


μη 


II 
12 

9 


Total. 
20 

3 
17 
40 

I 

2 

2 
12 


Totals,     9     24     17       38 


97 


The  pres.  opt.  occurs  in  the  exceptional  example  IV  802. 

The  following  examples  are  reckoned  twice  in  the  foregoing 
table,  by  reason  of  change  of  mood  or  tense  :  aor.  opt.  to  pres. 
opt.  I  369;  IV  711,  764;  aor.  opt.  to  aor.  subj.  I  446;  pres.  opt. 
to  aor.  subj.  I  659 ;  pres.  opt.  to  aor.  opt.  I  822  (where  ΐκοιντο  may 
possibly  be  the  late  pres.  middle  of  ϊκω;  see  Veitch)  ;  fut.  ind.  to 
aor.  subj.  Ill  908. 

The  Homeric  use  of  tenses  is  shown  in  the  subjoined  table: 


Present 

A 

Drist 

Pei 

feet 

Fut. 

Subj. 

Opt. 

Subj. 

Opt. 

Subj. 

Opt. 

Ind. 

Total 

iva 

3° 

25 

59 

27 

141 

ως 

4 

4 

7 

8 

I 

24 

ως  K(V        7 

2 

II 

23 

ώς  αν 

6 

I 

3 

3 

13 

οφρα 

59 

21 

109 

26 

Is 

4 

220 

οφρα 

ksv  3 

2 

5 

όφρα 

αν     4 

1 

5 

μη 

ΙΟ 

5 

72 

22 

2 

III 

όπως 

2 

I 

6 

I 

10 

€ως 

1 

4 

5 

Total,    123         61       265 


99 


557 


1  Perfect  =  present. 

"  This  example  (II.  Ill  353)  is  the  same  word,  used  in  the  same  connection, 
as  the  one  example  of  the  perf.  subj.  given  for  Apollonius  (III  438)  :  όφρα  τις 
[άλλος)  έρρίγτισι. 


20 

Little  variation  in  the  usages  of  the  two  poets  will  be  discovered 
from  these  tables.  The  present  is  a  trifle  more  frequent  in  Apollo- 
nius.  The  ratio  of  pres.  to  aor.  subj.  in  both  is  about  ι  :  2  (a 
little  more  in  Apollonius,  a  little  less  in  Homer).  The  ratio  of 
pres.  opt.  to  aor.  opt.  is  about  2  :  3.  The  preponderance  of  sub- 
junctives in  Homer  and  of  optatives  in  Apollonius  has  already 
been  mentioned. 

Negative  Final  Clauses. 

Negative  clauses  may  be  introduced  by  μή  alone  or  in  combi- 
nation with  any  of  the  final  particles.  Weber  (pp.  24,  25,  28) 
gives  the  following  statistics  for  Homer  :' 


Iliad. 

Odyssey. 

Homer. 

μή 

54 

54 

Ιθ8 

οψρα  μη 

3 

... 

3 

ως  μη 

6 

2 

8 

ως  αν  μη 

... 

3 

3 

ινα  μη 

16 

12 

28 

79  7ΐ  150 

With  these  figures  may  be  compared  the  usage  of  Apollonius  : 

μη  .             .             .             .             .             .  12 

οφρα  μη  .....  2 

ως  ksv  μη  .....  Ι 

ίνα  μη 3 

ι8 

The  proportion  of  negative  clauses  in  Apollonius  is  somewhat 
less  than  in  Homer ;  and  deductions  from  so  small  numbers 
cannot  be  altogether  trusted.  The  difference  in  usage  between 
the  two  poets  is  not  striking.  Simple  μη  is  a  trifle  less  frequent 
in  Apollonius  than  in  Homer  ;  ως  μη  and  ώς  αν  μη  are  not  used 
at  all,  and  ως  <ev  μη  only  once.  It  is  true  of  the  later,  as  of 
the  earlier  poet,  that,  while  οφρα  is  the  most  common  final  con- 
junction, οφρα  μή  is  not  a  favorite  combination.2  It  is  to  be  doubted 
whether  the  rule  that  μή  immediately  follows  the  conjunction, 
unless  separated  by  av,  holds  for  Apollonius  as  for  Homer ;  in  at 
least  one  unquestionable  instance  (I  1292)  it  is  separated. 

1  Weber's  aggregates  are  in  some  cases  increased  by  counting  each  occur- 
rence of  repeated  lines. 

2  Weber,  p.  25. 


21 

Use  of  ken  in  Final  Clauses. 

It  has  been  already  stated  that  Apollonius  does  not  use  liv  in 
final  clauses.     Kev  is  combined  with  ά>?  and  ίίφρα  as  follows  : 

Subj.  Opt. 

ως  Kev     .  .  .  ...  1 6 

οφρα  Kev  .  .  I 

The  more  varied  use  of  Homer  is  shown  in  the  table  given  by- 
Weber  (p.  35) : 


iva  Kev 

Kev 


υ  φ  pa 
οφρα  liv 
ως  Kev 
ως  αν 


Subj. 

Opt. 

Total. 

I 

I 

ι  (same  example) 

7 

I 

8 

5 

I 

6 

20 

5 

25 

9 

4 

13 

53 


The  fact  that,  of  17  examples  in  Apollonius,  16  are  of  ως  Kev 
with  the  optative,  is  striking.  In  Homer  the  connection  of  Sv  and 
Kev  with  the  optative  in  final  clauses  belongs  almost  exclusively  to 
the  Odyssey  (Weber,  p.  35). 


SYNTAX  OF  CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES. 

The  forms  of  conditional  sentence  are  essentially  the  same 
in  Apollonius  as  in  Homer,  and  show  the  same  variations  from 
the  established  types  of  the  classical  prose  language.  Here,  as 
elsewhere,  the  learned  poet  seems  to  show  a  tendency — either 
for  metrical  reasons  or  from  the  slight  inclination  toward  display 
natural  to  one  who  writes  consciously,  and  in  a  dialect  not  his 
own — to  develop  the  anomalous  uses  allowed  him,  if  not  by  add- 
ing to  their  number,  at  least  by  introducing  more  freely  those  for 
which  he  has  precedent.  The  types  of  simple  particular  present 
and  past  conditions,  of  future  conditions  with  the  future  indica- 
tive or  the  subjunctive  and  the  optative,  and  of  conditions  con- 
trary to  fact,  are  in  general  well  marked.  General  conditions, 
present  and  past,  also  occur,  but  are  rare.  An  unreal  condition 
may  be  expressed  by  the  optative,  though  the  regular  indicative 
is  almost  always  used,  ei  may  take  the  subjunctive,  iav  (a  Kev)  the 
optative,  or  even  the  aorist  indicative ;  and  Kev  may  be  omitted  in 


22 

the   apodosis.      We   find   the   four   forms   of   protasis   used   by 
Homer, — ' 

el  e\6ij, 

eav  (ei  Kev)  e\6j], 

el  ΐλθοι, 

eav  (et  Kev)  e\6oi, — 

of  which  the  later  language  retained  only  the  second  and  third. 

The  variations  in  mood  and  tense,  and  in  the  use  of  S.v  and  Kev, 
in  protasis  and  apodosis,  can  be  best  seen  in  the  following  tables 
(not  including  conditional  relative  sentences,  or  relative  clauses 
expressing  purpose,  which  will  be  spoken  of  below)  : 

Protasis. 


Pres. 

Perf. 

Indicative 
Iraperf. 

Aor. 

Fut. 

Subjunctive 
Pres.        Aor. 

Optative 
Pres.       Aor. 

Total. 

el             29 

4 

6 

17 

12 

I 

2 

7         8 

86 

ei  Kev     ... 

2 

I 

4 

13 

4         5 

29 

eav 

... 

3 

7 

1 

II 

ην  Kev    ... 

1 



I 

Total,  29         4         6       19       13         9       22       12       13       127 

From  this  table  it  will  be  seen  : 

1.  el,  e'l  Kev,  and  eav  all  occur  with  the  subjunctive  in  protasis,  the 
first  only  three  times. 

2.  el,  e'l  Kev,  and  eav  all  occur  with  the  optative  in  protasis,  eav  only 
once  (II  17),  e'l  Kev  very  frequently  (9  times  out  of  25  occurrences 
of  the  optative).2     el  Kev  with  the  optative  is  rare  in  Homer. 

3.  ct  Kev  is  used  once  with  the  future  indicative  (II  415). 

Apodosis. 

Indicative  Infinitive  Optative 

Pres.     Perf.     Impf.    Aor.     Fut.        Pres.    Aor.     Fut.       Pres.     Aor.     Fut.      Total. 

Pure   14   1   5   3   19    4   3  10   τ   1   ...   61 
W.  Kev 2   22   1   19  32   1   77 

W.  civ     2  I        I  2         II       12       ...  29 

Total,  14       1       9      26      20        4       4     12       31     45        1      167 

1  Monro,  Homeric  Grammar,  2d  ed.,  p.  293. 
■  In  IV  1055  : 

— ου  δε  σχήσεσθαι  αρωγής 

ίννεπον,  εϊ  κε  δίκης  άλιτήμονος  άντιάσειαν — 
the  subjunctive  with  εϊ  κε  is  drawn  into  the  optative  by  the  influence  of  the 
indirect  discourse. 

In  III  404 — the  only  instance  of  i'/v  κε — one  Paris  MS  has  αϊ  κε,  which  Merkel 
adopts  in  his  edition  of  1854  (not  in  the  Teubner  text).  The  other  MSS  agree 
in  reading  ήν  κε. 


23 

These  figures  show  the  following  facts  : 

i.  The  optative  is  used  twice  in  apodosis  without  Sv  or  Ktv  (III 
355>  7°3  '  in  the  latter  case  it  may  be  regarded  as  a  wish). 

2.  The  future  optative  with  k(v  occurs  in  III  644  :  τό  κίν  μοι 
\vyp6v  (v\  κραΒίη  σβίσοι  aXyos.  The  authority  of  the  manuscripts 
is  unanimous,     σβέσαι  would  be  an  easy  change. 

3.  The  future  infinitive  with  Sv  in  indirect  discourse — a  post- 
Homeric  construction — is  found  twice  in  the  following  passages  : 

«  8e  και  υφθαλμοϊσι  φόως  πόροι,  ή  τ    αν  οιω 

γηθήσειν,  όσον  e'Lirep  υπότροπος  ο'ίκαο^  Ίκοίμην. — II  443— 444• 

τον  δ    αν  οιω 

κείνης  evveairjaiv  es  Ελλάδα  κώας  άνάζςιν. — III  28—29• 

Otherwise,  Άν  with  the  infinitive  occurs  only  once,  nev  not  at  all, 
though  the  infinitive  alone  is  common.  The  infinitive  with  Sv 
occurs  only  once  in  Homer  (II.  IX  684,  Sv  .  .  .  παραμνθήσασθαι,  a 

repetition  of  Sv  παραμυθησαίμην,  XI  417V 

4•  kw  and  Sv  are  used  in  nearly  the  same  proportion  in  protasis 
and  in  apodosis. 

Conditions  Contrary  to  Fact. 

The  unreal  condition,  or  condition  contrary  to  fact,  is  com- 
monly expressed  in  Apollonius  by  the  usual  formula — past  tenses 
of  the  indicative,  with  Sv  or  nev  in  the  apodosis.  The  aorist  is 
much  more  frequent  than  the  imperfect  in  this  use,  and  Ktv  is 
nearly  always  employed  in  preference  to  Sv.  Certain  irregulari- 
ties may  be  noted : 

In  II  339-40  the  optative  is  used  in  both  protasis  and  apodosis, 
so  that  the  sentence  is  cast  in  the  form  of  a  future  condition  ; 

— ου  yap  κί  κακόν  μόρον  (ξαΚέαισθΐ 
πίτράων,  ουδ    et  κε  σώηρίίη  πίλοι    Αργώ. 

In  Ι  196-8  we  find  *<τ  in  the  protasis,  not  in  the  apodosis  : 

rov  δ    ουτιν    νπίρτερον  άλλοι*  οιω, 

νόσφιν  γ'  Ήρακληος,  eire\0^v  [would  have  Come]  e?  κ    en  μοΰνον 
αυθι  μίνων  λυκάβαντα  μΐπτράφη  Αιτωλοϊσιν. 

1  Monro,  ρ.  204. 


24 

In  III  377-9  κΐν  appears  in  the  protasis,  liv  in  the  apodosis  : 

el  he  fee  μη  προπάροιθεν  εμής  ηψασθε  τραπέζης, 
ή  τ    αν  άπο  γλώσσας  re  ταμών  κα\  χέιρε  κεάσσαε 
άμφοτίρας,  οΊοισιν  (πιπροίηκα  πόδεσσιν. 

In  five  instances  <ev  is  omitted  in  the  apodosis ;  I  253  (rjev  βίλτε- 
pov)  ;  III  585,  1 139;  IV  902  (where  the  condition  is  contained  in 

e μέλλον),  9^4* 

General  Conditions. 

General  conditions  occur  rarely  in  Apollonius.  We  find  the 
subjunctive  of  present  time  in  II  1030  : 

ην  yap  που  τι  θεμιστευων  άλίτηται, 

λιμω  μιν  nelv  ημαρ  ενικλείσαντες  'εχουσιν. 

The  optative  may  be  interpreted  in  the  same  way  in  III  140: 

— άταρ  ei  μιν  ecu?  eVi  χερσί  βάλοω, 
αστήρ  ως,  φλεγεθοντα  δι    ηίρος  ολκον  ιησιν. 

The  optative  refers  to  the  past  in  I  814 : 

ovbe  πατήρ  ολίγον  περ  εης  άλίγιζε  θνγατρός, 
el  κα\  ev  οφθαλμοΊσι  δαϊζομενην  όρόωτο 
μητρυιής  υπό  χερσίν  άτασθάλου. 

The  optative  in  this  use  is  not  found  in  Homer,  though  it  is 
common  in  the  corresponding  relative  sentences. 

Conditions  expressing  Purpose. 

The  subjunctive  and  optative  with  ei  (generally  ei  <ev)  are,  as 
in  Homer,  used  to  express  the  purpose  of  an  action  with  a  certain 
shade  of  contingency  or  doubt.  The  subjunctive  occurs  only 
after  a  verb  of  the  first  person  (expressing  will ;  in  Homer  also 
after  imperatives  '),  and  never  without  nev.  Contrary  to  Homer's 
usage  (who  does  not  employ  ei'  Kev  with  the  optative  in  this  con- 
struction, and  only  rarely  in  conditions 2),  Apollonius  more  fre- 
quently combines  Kev  with  ei  and  the  optative.  The  following 
statistics  of  examples  observed  will  show  the  usage  more  defi- 
nitely : 

1  Monro,  p.  267.  2  Monro,  pp.  285-287. 


25 

After  Present  and  Future  After  Past  Tenses. 

Aor.  Subj.       Pres.  Opt.     Aor.  Subj.      Pres.  Opt.     Aor.  Opt.        Total. 

d  ...  ι  ...  ...  3  4 

t'i  K(v  3  I  2  I  3IO 

32  2  ι  6  14 

Conditional  Relative  Clauses. 

A  study  of  conditional  sentences  is  incomplete  without  the  con- 
sideration of  those  conditions  which  are  expressed  in  relative 
clauses.  Little  need  be  remarked  on  their  form  :  they  have  the 
same  types  and  the  same  irregularities  as  conditional  sentences 
with  et. 

The  statistics  for  Apollonius  are  as  follows  : 

After  Primary  Tenses.  After  Secondary  Tenses. 

Pres.  Subj.     Aor.  Subj.    Aor.  Opt.    Pres.  Opt.     Aor.  Opt.         Total. 

Without  Κΐν  ...  2  I  I  ...  4 

With  nei>  1  3  2  5  415 

15  3  6  4  19 

av  in  an  iterative  sense  is  found  with  the  imperfect  indicative  in 
a  relative  clause  in  II  592  : 

— οσσον  δ    αν  νπεικαθΐ  νηνς  eptrrjaiv, 
δ\ς  τόσον  αψ  άπόρονσεν. 

Here  the  scholiast  suggests  the  alternative  interpretation  :  6  vovs, 

όσον  Se  άλλη  vais  τη  (Ιρ^σία  παθομΐνη  νπΰξεν  αν,  b\s  τοσούτον  η    Αργώ,  ίνα  δια 
τούτων  το  τάχος  δηλώσΐ]  της    Apyovs. 

Two  examples  more  may  be  added,  in  which  the  relative  clause 
denotes  purpose: 

τούνξκα  νυν  τον  άριστον  άφςιδησαντ€ί  (λ(σθ( 

ορχαμον  νμΐίων,  ω  Kev  τα  έκαστα  μίλοιτο. —  Ι  33^— 339• 

άλλοι  μνθοι  €ασι  παρήγοροι,  οίσι  nep  άνηρ 

θαρσννοι  ΐταρον. — Ι  479~ 4^(-)• 

SYNTAX  OF  TEMPORAL  SENTENCES. 

Temporal  sentences  are  of  two  kinds,  definite  and  hypothetical. 
Of  the  structure  of  those  referring  to  a  definite  occurrence  and 
time,  little  need  be  said.  The  tenses  of  the  indicative  may  be 
used  according  to  occasion  ;  though  the  pluperfect  and  the  future 
are  rare — the  former  being  generally  superseded  in  Greek  by  the 
aorist,  the  latter  by  a  conditional  form  of  statement.  The  plu- 
perfect appears  twice  in  Apollonius  ;  the  future  twice  (one  of  these 


26 

examples,  οποτ  αν  .  .  .  ϊνιβησΐται,  perhaps  being  a  subjunctive  with 
short  mode-vowel)  ;  the  perfect  is  not  found  at  all.  Hypothetical 
temporal  clauses,  like  other  conditional  relatives,  have  any  of  the 
forms  of  protasis.  With  the  subjunctive  av  is  regularly  joined  in  the 
classical  language  ;  but  as  the  types  el  eAc%  and  eav  eAt%  are  used 
alike  by  Homer,  so  in  the  epic  dV  o\t%  and  or'  αν  *λθη  are  equally  pos- 
sible.' Again,  the  optative  in  protasis  might  take  av;  and  in 
Homer  we  find  or  αν  'ίλθοι,  as  well  as  or  'ί\6οι,  which  latter  alone 
received  sanction  in  the  subsequent  development  of  the  language. 
This  usage  does  not.  however,  occur  in  Apollonius.  eW  and 
els  o,  when  used  with  the  subjunctive  in  Homer  and  in  Apollonius, 
always  take  kcv." 

The  following  table  shows  the  frequency  of  occurrence  of  the 
tenses  of  the  indicative,  subjunctive,  and  optative,  in  connection 
with  each  of  the  temporal  particles,  with  and  without  Kev: 


Prei. 

Imp. 

Indicative 
A  or. 

Plup. 

Fut. 

Subjunctive 
Pres.         Aor. 

Opi 
Pres. 

:ative 
Aor. 

Total. 

ore 

6 

13 

30 

I 

8 

5 

3 

4 

70 

ot    av 

1 

... 

I 

evre 

3 

4 

5 

1 

1 

Η 

evr    av 

5 

12 

Π 

ene'i 

2 

16 

I 

19 

tnel  <ev 

3 

3 

eiriyv 
on\n)ore 

2 

4 

6 

1 

1 
1 

I 

3 

I 

18 

όπότ    av 

"l(: 

=aor. 

subj. 

?)... 

I 

07Γ7ΓΟΤ6  K€V 

I 

I 

οφρα 

I 

3 

1 1 

2 

1 

18 

ημος 

4 

3 

5 

12 

ήμος  ore 

2 

I 

3 

elauKe 

I 

2 

4 

"7 

tare 

I 

2 

3 

ear    av 

1 

I 

2 

όπως 

5 

5 

elaare 

3 

3 

e^ore 

... 

3 

3 

ecu? 

1 

1 

«(ι)ω?  Kev 

I 

I 

2 

T€tO)S 

I 

I 

Tft'cos•  Kev 

... 

I 

I 

ω? 

2 

2 

μέσφα 

2 

2 

fteXpis 

I 

... 

I 

eneiSt] 

I 

I 

ηνικα 

I 

I 

Total,       16         31         99         2         2       16       33         4       10     213 

1  Monro,  Homeric  Grammar,  p.  293.  2  For  Homer,  Monro,  p.  262. 


27 

From  this  table  certain  results  may  be  gathered  : 
i.  The  large  predominance  of  the  aorist  indicative  is  due 
simply  to  the  demands  of  the  narrative,  and  the  great  rarity  of 
the  pluperfect  and  the  future,  as  already  explained,  results  from 
the  substitution  of  the  aorist  for  the  one,  and  a  conditional  form 
of  statement  for  the  other. 

2.  The  proportion  of  the  present  to  the  aorist  subjunctive  and 
optative  does  not  vary  greatly  from  that  which  was  found  in  the 
case  of  final  clauses. 

3.  The  relative  use  of  subjunctives  and  optatives,  however,  is 
reversed,  the  subjunctive  being  three  and  a  half  times  as  common 
as  the  optative,  while  in  final  sentences  the  optative  is  twice  as 
frequent. 

4.  av  is  twice  as  common  as  nev  (22  :  10,  omitting  «Voice  with  the 

indicative).      av   is  Combined    with   ore,   ture,  end    (ίπην),  όπότβ,   eVre  ; 

K€v  with  eVei,  οπότε,  els  o,  eW  (reiW).  evr  av  with  the  subjunctive  is 
an  especially  favorite  construction,  occurring  17  times,  evre  is  found 
with  the  indicative  12  times,  and  with  the  subjunctive  and  opta- 
tive each  once,  ore,  on  the  other  hand,  by  far  the  most  frequent 
of  the  particles,  takes  av  only  once.  <ei>  is  used  with  the  optative 
once. 

5.  In  three  instances  Apollonius  uses  the  combination  ημος  ore. 

6.  The  -K6  in  αίσόκ(  has  lost  its  force,  so  that  out  of  seven  occur- 
rences three  are  with  the  imperfect  and  aorist  indicative. 

7.  πιω?  is  substituted  for  «os,  metri  gratia,  as  τόφρα  for  οφρα  in 
final  clauses. 

8.  The  adverbs  μίσφα  and  μίχρις  are  employed  as  conjunctions 
— a  use  not  Homeric. 


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